This literature review represents the first phase of a broader research project examining the role of grantmaking foundations in sustaining progressive social and environmental movements under increasingly restrictive political contexts. It explores the complex relationship between philanthropy and activism, highlighting how foundation funding can both strengthen movements by providing essential resources and constrain them through funding priorities and institutional expectations.
Drawing on research and grey literature on feminist, racial justice, and climate movements, the review identifies key debates, recurring patterns, and gaps in the literature. It establishes the conceptual foundation for the next phase of the project, which will examine how grantmaking foundations can support progressive movements while preserving their autonomy and capacity for transformative social change.
